There he finds Menelaus and Helen, who are now reconciled. Accompanied by Athena (now disguised as Mentor), the son of Odysseus departs for the Greek mainland to the household of Nestor, most venerable of the Greek warriors at Troy, who resided in Pylos after the war.įrom there, Telemachus rides to Sparta, accompanied by Nestor's son.

The next morning, Telemachus calls an assembly of citizens of Ithaca to discuss what should be done with the insolent suitors, who then scoff at Telemachus. That night, Athena, disguised as Telemachus, finds a ship and crew for the true prince. He offers her hospitality, and they observe the suitors dining rowdily while Phemius, the bard, performs a narrative poem for them. Disguised as a chieftain named Mentes, Athena visits Telemachus to urge him to search for news of his father.

Odysseus' protectress, the goddess Athena, asks Zeus, king of the gods, to finally allow Odysseus to return home when Poseidon is absent from Mount Olympus. Odysseus' son, Telemachus, is about 20 years old and is sharing his absent father's house on the island of Ithaca with his mother Penelope and the suitors of Penelope, a crowd of 108 boisterous young men who each aim to persuade Penelope for her hand in marriage, all the while reveling in the king's palace and eating up his wealth. The Odyssey begins after the end of the ten-year Trojan War (the subject of the Iliad), from which Odysseus (also known by the Latin variant Ulysses), king of Ithaca, has still not returned because he angered Poseidon, the god of the sea. Ī mosaic depicting Odysseus, from the villa of La Olmeda, Pedrosa de la Vega, Spain, late 4th–5th centuries AD In 2018, when BBC Culture polled experts around the world to find literature's most enduring narrative, the Odyssey topped the list. Adaptations and re-imaginings continue to be produced across a wide variety of media. The first English translation of the Odyssey was in the 16th century. The Odyssey is regarded as one of the most significant works of the Western canon. This focus is especially remarkable when contrasted with the Iliad, which centres the exploits of soldiers and kings during the Trojan War. Scholars still reflect on the narrative significance of certain groups in the poem, such as women and slaves, who have a more prominent role in the epic than in many other works of ancient literature. Given widespread illiteracy, the poem was performed by an aoidos or rhapsode and was more likely to be heard than read.Ĭrucial themes in the poem include the ideas of nostos (νόστος 'return'), wandering, xenia (ξενία 'guest-friendship'), testing, and omens. In antiquity, Homer's authorship of the poem was not questioned, but contemporary scholarship predominantly assumes that the Iliad and the Odyssey were composed independently and that the stories formed as part of a long oral tradition. The Odyssey was originally composed in Homeric Greek in around the 8th or 7th century BCE and, by the mid-6th century BCE, had become part of the Greek literary canon. In his absence, Odysseus was assumed dead, and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus had to contend with a group of unruly suitors who were competing for Penelope's hand in marriage. After the war, which lasted ten years, his journey lasted for ten additional years, during which time he encountered many perils and all his crew mates were killed. It follows the Greek hero Odysseus, king of Ithaca, and his journey home after the Trojan War. As with the Iliad, the poem is divided into 24 books. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. The Odyssey ( / ˈ ɒ d ə s i/ Ancient Greek: Ὀδύσσεια, romanized: Odýsseia, Attic Greek: ) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. 15th-century manuscript of Book I written by scribe John Rhosos ( British Museum)

The kingdom of the dead odyssey